2,000,000 years global climate changes

Oxygen isotope ratios in ocean plankton
Colder
Warmer
lower sea level

higher sea level

boreal species
tropical species
ice sheets growing
ice sheets decaying

Glacial -- or Ice ages

Interglacial periods

Mark B. Bush, Ecology of a Changing Planet (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2000), pp. 360-379.


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